The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
The citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) is a central metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce energy and biosynthetic precursors.
Fatty Acid Oxidation & Synthesis
Fatty acid oxidation breaks down fatty acids for energy, while fatty acid synthesis builds them for storage and membrane formation.
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis is the metabolic pathway that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as lactate and amino acids.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process.
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic pathways are series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert substrates into products, powering cellular processes.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ATP is generated using energy derived from the electron transport chain.
Ethanol Metabolism
Ethanol metabolism occurs primarily in the liver through alcohol dehydrogenase and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system, generating acetaldehyde and NADH.
Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism
Hormones coordinate metabolic activity across different tissues, ensuring that energy supply meets demand through the actions of insulin, glucagon, and other regulatory hormones.
Metabolic Integration
Metabolic integration describes how the body coordinates the metabolic activities of different organs to maintain energy homeostasis across fed and fasting states.