Plaque Assay and Viral Titration
Plaque assays and viral titration methods quantify infectious virus particles by measuring the cytopathic effect on cultured cells.
Antiviral Therapy and Drug Resistance
Antiviral drugs target specific steps in the viral replication cycle, but the high mutation rates of many viruses drive the emergence of drug resistance, requiring combination therapies and novel strategies.
Viral Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies
Viral vaccines train the immune system to recognize and eliminate viral pathogens, with diverse platforms including live-attenuated, inactivated, subunit, vector, and nucleic acid vaccines.
Emerging Viral Pathogens
Emerging viral pathogens are newly identified or re-emerging viruses that pose increasing threats to human health, often originating from animal reservoirs through zoonotic spillover.
Influenza Viruses
Influenza viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses that cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics through continuous antigenic drift and shift.
HIV and Retroviruses
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that reverse-transcribe their genome into DNA and integrate into the host chromosome, with HIV being the most clinically important member.
Viral Diagnostics and Detection
Viral diagnostics encompasses a range of techniques for detecting and identifying viruses in clinical samples, including molecular, serological, and culture-based methods.
Antiviral Immune Responses
Antiviral immune responses encompass the innate and adaptive mechanisms by which the host detects, restricts, and eliminates viral infections.
Bacteriophages
Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria, playing key roles in bacterial ecology, horizontal gene transfer, and offering therapeutic alternatives to antibiotics.
