Antioxidants and Free Radicals
Free radicals and reactive oxygen species are produced during normal metabolism and can cause cellular damage that is counteracted by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K are hydrophobic compounds that require dietary fat for absorption and are stored in the liver and adipose tissue.
Minerals in Biochemistry
Dietary minerals are essential inorganic elements that serve as enzyme cofactors, structural components, and electrolytes in cellular function.
Vitamin Deficiency Disorders
Vitamin deficiencies cause specific disease states that reflect the biochemical functions of each vitamin, affecting metabolism, development, and immune function.
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Water-soluble vitamins include the B-complex group and vitamin C, which function primarily as coenzymes in metabolic reactions and must be obtained from the diet.