Non-coding RNAs and Gene Regulation
Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, regulate gene expression at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and are implicated in development and disease.
Human Genetic Disorders
Human genetic disorders arise from mutations in single genes, chromosomal abnormalities, or complex interactions of multiple genetic variants and environmental factors.
Population Genetics and the Hardy-Weinberg Principle
Population genetics analyzes allele frequencies in populations using the Hardy-Weinberg principle as a null model to detect evolutionary forces such as selection, drift, and migration.
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Epigenetic regulation is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence, mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs.
Mutation and Genetic Variation
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA sequence that generate genetic variation, driving evolution and causing disease when they disrupt gene function.
Chromosome Structure and Organization
Chromosomes are highly organized structures of DNA and proteins that package genetic information and regulate gene expression within the cell nucleus.
Mendelian Genetics and Inheritance Patterns
Mendelian genetics describes the fundamental principles of inheritance through dominant and recessive alleles, segregation, and independent assortment of genes.