Emerging Viral Pathogens
Emerging viral pathogens are newly identified or re-emerging viruses that pose increasing threats to human health, often originating from animal reservoirs through zoonotic spillover.
VirologyInfluenza Viruses
Influenza viruses are negative-sense RNA viruses that cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics through continuous antigenic drift and shift.
Virology
The Cytoskeleton: Structure and Dynamics
The cytoskeleton is a dynamic network of protein filaments that provides structural support, enables cell movement, facilitates intracellular transport, and drives cell division.
Cell biologyMitochondria and Cellular Energetics
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles that generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and serve as central hubs for metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis regulation.
Cell biology
Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression
Epigenetic regulation is defined as heritable changes in gene expression that do not alter the DNA sequence, mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs.
GeneticsMutation and Genetic Variation
Mutations are permanent changes in DNA sequence that generate genetic variation, driving evolution and causing disease when they disrupt gene function.
Genetics
B Cell Development and Antibody Production
B cells develop in the bone marrow and produce antibodies that neutralize pathogens, with each B cell generating a unique immunoglobulin through genetic recombination and somatic hypermutation.
ImmunologyT Cell Development and Activation
T cells develop in the thymus through a rigorous selection process and are activated by antigen presentation to orchestrate cell-mediated immune responses.
ImmunologyHIV and Retroviruses
Retroviruses are RNA viruses that reverse-transcribe their genome into DNA and integrate into the host chromosome, with HIV being the most clinically important member.
Virology