DNA Structure and Topology
DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores genetic information, with its structure and topology being fundamental to its function in replication, transcription, and repair.
Nucleic acidsGene Regulation and Epigenetics
Gene regulation controls when, where, and how much a gene is expressed through the combined action of transcription factors, chromatin modifications, and non-coding RNAs.
Nucleic acidsRNA Structure and Types
RNA is a versatile nucleic acid that functions in information transfer, catalysis, gene regulation, and cellular structure, existing in many distinct forms.
Nucleic acidsTranscription and RNA Processing
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, followed by extensive processing in eukaryotes including capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.
Nucleic acidsTranslation
Translation is the process by which the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded by the ribosome to synthesize a polypeptide chain with a specific amino acid sequence.
Nucleic acidsAmino Acid Catabolism & the Urea Cycle
Amino acid catabolism is the breakdown of amino acids, producing metabolic intermediates and nitrogen that is disposed of through the urea cycle.
Amino acidsIsoelectric Point & Titration of Amino Acids
The isoelectric point is the pH at which an amino acid carries no net charge, determined by its ionizable groups and pKa values.
Amino acidsPost-translational Modifications
Post-translational modifications are covalent changes to proteins after synthesis that regulate their function, localization, and stability.
Amino acidsNorthern Blot analysis
Northern blot analysis is a technique used to visualize the presence of specific RNA sequence in a sample.
Genetics